Brussels (Belgium) (AFP) – French President Emmanuel Macron has revived the idea of joint EU borrowing that has long been divisive in the European Union, although the bloc has shifted its position on the issue to head off several crises. The EU has turned to common loans several times: to finance the post-Covid recovery, rearmament, and aid to war-torn Ukraine. But Macron repeated his long-standing call for more joint debt in an interview with several European newspapers released on Tuesday.
From eurobonds to EU debt, Macron stated, “Now is the time to launch a common borrowing capacity for these future expenditures, future-oriented eurobonds,” using a term that was once considered taboo in Europe due to the opposition of so-called frugal states like Germany and the Netherlands. He has repeatedly made the appeal, saying it is a necessary move for Europe if it wants to invest more and ramp up its competitiveness. Eurobonds refer to common bonds issued by EU states, while joint borrowing is the catch-all term for debt issued with liability shared by governments. Eurobonds have come up when Europe has faced major challenges; they were proposed in 2010 during the eurozone crisis but were rejected at the time because they involved pooling national debts, which was categorically rejected by EU states with stronger finances.
Then it resurfaced in 2020 through “coronabonds” to finance the European economy devastated by the coronavirus pandemic. This was again rejected for the same reason, but in July 2020, EU states agreed to jointly borrow hundreds of billions of euros backed by the European Union budget, rather than being the responsibility of individual member states.
Rather than eurobonds, joint debt is “becoming more and more standardized” especially since the loans to finance the coronavirus pandemic recovery, said Nicolas Veron, co-founder of the Brussels-based Bruegel think tank. The EU had an 800-billion-euro ($960 billion) recovery fund to support states’ economies hit hard and help their green and digital transitions. Europeans also resorted to EU borrowing last year for the SAFE (Security Action for Europe) scheme to provide EU countries with 150 billion euros of loans at lower rates to help them rearm. Additionally, late last year, EU states agreed to provide a 90-billion-euro “reparations loan” to Ukraine through the issuance of bonds, and the bloc will also pay the interest on the loan.
Veron noted that so far the EU has used the European budget, and in particular unspent sums, to provide guarantees that the debt will be repaid.
EU states’ positions have changed and “become more fluid,” Veron said. France has seen its public finances substantially deteriorate, Germany is going on a bumper borrowing spree, while countries previously on the brink of bankruptcy like Greece have spectacularly restored their finances. However, the European economy is lagging behind China and the United States, and EU leaders want to boost the bloc’s competitiveness and catch up with rivals in the fields of artificial intelligence, energy, and defense. For this, it needs extra investment of up to 800 billion euros a year, according to former European Central Bank chief Mario Draghi in his 2024 report on the EU economy that is guiding leaders on what steps to take.
“This doesn’t mean there is consensus on common borrowing that Macron calls for, but the situation today is very open,” Veron said. However, true to form, Germany slapped down Macron’s suggestion, stating, “It is unacceptable to demand more money without implementing reforms” because “European debt is not free either,” a German government source told AFP.
© 2024 AFP
